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Astaxanthin
Due to its bipolar properties, Astaxanthin anchors itself across the entire cell membrane (vertically). This unique transmembrane orientation allows it to neutralize reactive oxygen species both on the surface and inside the cell, and it stabilizes the lipid bilayer without disrupting its structure.
Lycopene
Lycopene is a highly lipophilic (hydrophobic) carotenoid without polar groups. Therefore, it resides exclusively within the hydrophobic core of the membrane, parallel (horizontally) to the surface. Here, it serves as an exceptionally strong scavenger of singlet oxygen in the deep layers of the cell wall.
Lutein
Lutein, similar to Astaxanthin, contains polar hydroxyl groups at both ends of its chain. It primarily orients itself transmembranely; however, its conjugated chain forms an oblique angle with the membrane plane. It acts as a structural antioxidant, protecting proteins and lipids.
Zeaxanthin
An isomer of lutein with a slightly different placement of a double bond. This small structural change allows zeaxanthin to form an even firmer and more stable arrangement across the membrane. It often works synergistically with lutein to scavenge radicals generated by light radiation.